SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

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</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">West Java</div>

<div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Jawa Barat</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Province of West Java<br><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style><span class="nobold">Provinsi Jawa Barat</span></i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">

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<div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Sundanese-language text"><i lang="su">Bumi Pasundan</i></span> (<a href="Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>)<br><span lang="su" style="font-family:'Noto Sans Sundanese', 'Sundanese Unicode 2013'; font-size:;">ᮘᮥᮙᮤ ᮕᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓᮔ᮪</span><br>"Land of Sundanese"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Sundanese-language text"><i lang="su">Gemah, Ripah, Répéh, Rapih</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>)</span><br><span lang="su" style="font-family:'Noto Sans Sundanese', 'Sundanese Unicode 2013'; font-size:;">ᮌᮨᮙᮂ ᮛᮤᮕᮂ ᮛᮦᮕᮦᮂ ᮛᮕᮤᮂ</span>

<br>"Prosperous, Convenient, Peaceful, and Harmonious"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div class="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">

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</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="forced-color-adjust: none; border: 1px solid red;background-color:#C41E3A; color:white;"> </span> </span> <b>West Java</b> in <span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="forced-color-adjust: none; border: 1px solid silver;background-color:#FFFDD0; color:black;"> </span> </span> <b><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">

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</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:-6.75,107.5"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°45′S</span> <span class="longitude">107°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.750°S 107.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6.750; 107.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">14 July 1950</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">West Java Provincial Government</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="Governor_of_West_Java" title="Governor of West Java">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dedi_Mulyadi" title="Dedi Mulyadi">Dedi Mulyadi</a> (<a href="Gerindra_Party" title="Gerindra Party">Gerindra</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Vice Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Erwan Setiawan</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="Regional_House_of_Representatives" title="Regional House of Representatives">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="West_Java_Regional_House_of_Representatives" title="West Java Regional House of Representatives">West Java Regional House of Representatives</a> (DPRD)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">37,040.04 km<sup>2</sup> (14,301.24 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">21st in Indonesia</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="Mount_Cereme" title="Mount Cereme">Mount Cereme</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,078 m (10,098 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(mid 2024 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">50,345,189</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">1st in Indonesia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,400/km<sup>2</sup> (3,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups</a> <span class="nobold">(2010)</span><sup id="cite_ref-SUKU_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUKU-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">71.87% <a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a><br>11.05% <a href="Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a><br>5.33% <a href="Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a><br>5.30% <a href="Cirebonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese">Cirebonese</a><br>6.45% <a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">others</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <span class="nobold">(2024)</span><sup id="cite_ref-AGAMA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGAMA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">97.22% <a href="Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a>

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<ul><li>2.45% <a href="Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a>

<ul><li>1.83% <a href="Protestantism_in_Indonesia" title="Protestantism in Indonesia">Protestantism</a></li>

<li>0.65% <a href="Catholicism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Indonesia">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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0.22% <a href="Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a><br>0.04% <a href="Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a><br>0.04% <a href="Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">other</a> (including <a href="Confucianism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianism in Indonesia">Confucianism</a>, <a href="Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a>, etc.)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages and dialects</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (official)<br><a href="Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> (native)<br><a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a><br><a href="Cirebonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese language">Cirebonese</a><br><a href="Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a> (<a href="Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">Indonesia Western Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ID-JB</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022<sup id="cite_ref-bpsdata2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpsdata2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 2,422.8 trillion (<a href="List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">3rd</a>)<br><a href="USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 163.2 billion<br><a href="Int%24" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 509.1 billion (<a href="Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 49.0 million (<a href="List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">23rd</a>)<br><a href="USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 3,302<br><a href="Int%24" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 10,305 (<a href="Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Growth</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"></span></span> 5.45%<sup id="cite_ref-bappenas2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bappenas2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"></span></span> 0.749<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">15th</a>) – <span style="color:#090">high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jabarprov.go.id">jabarprov<wbr>.go<wbr>.id</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<p><b>West Java</b> (<a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Jawa Barat</i>, <a href="Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>: <span lang="su"><span lang="su" style="font-family:'Noto Sans Sundanese', 'Sundanese Unicode 2013'; font-size:;">ᮏᮝ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sundanese-language romanization"><i lang="su-Latn">Jawa Kulon</i></span>) is an <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> <a href="Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">province</a> on the western part of the island of <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a>, with its provincial capital in <a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>. West Java is bordered by the province of <a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> and the country's capital region of <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> to the west, the <a href="Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a> to the north, the province of <a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> to the east and the <a href="Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the south. With <a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, this province is the native homeland of the <a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a>, the <a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia</a>.

</p><p>West Java was one of the first eight provinces of Indonesia formed following the <a href="Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">country's independence proclamation</a> and was later legally re-established on 14 July 1950. In 1966, the city of <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> was split off from West Java as a 'special capital region' (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Daerah Khusus Ibukota</i></span>), with a status equivalent to that of a province,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in 2000 the western parts of the province were in turn split away to form a separate <a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> province.

</p><p>Even following these split-offs, West Java is by far the most populous province of Indonesia with a population of 48,274,162 as of the 2020 Census,<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which grew to 50,345,189 at mid 2024 according to the official estimates;<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the population continues to grew and surpassed the 50 millions milestone during late 2023. The province's largest cities, <a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a> (a <a href="Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">satellite city</a> within the <a href="Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta metropolitan area</a>), <a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> and <a href="Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a> (the latter also within the Jakarta metropolitan area), are the third, fourth and sixth <a href="List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">most populous cities in Indonesia</a> respectively. Bandung is also one of the <a href="List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">most densely populated cities proper in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-depkes.go.id_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depkes.go.id-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The oldest human inhabitant archaeological findings in the region were unearthed in <a href="Anyer" title="Anyer">Anyer</a> on the western coast of Java with evidence of bronze and iron metallurgical culture dating to the first millennium AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahorka-2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahorka-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prehistoric <a href="Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a>, near present-day <a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, developed clay pottery with evidence found in Anyer to <a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>. Artefacts dated 400 BC — AD 100, such as food and drink containers, were found mostly as burial gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahorka-2007_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahorka-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is archaeological evidence in <a href="Batujaya_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Batujaya Archaeological Site">Batujaya Archaeological Site</a> dating from the 2nd century and, according to Dr Tony Djubiantono, the head of Bandung Archaeology Agency, Jiwa Temple in <a href="Batujaya" title="Batujaya">Batujaya</a>, <a href="Karawang" title="Karawang">Karawang</a>, was also built around this time.

</p><p>One of the earliest known recorded histories in Indonesia is from the former <a href="Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a> kingdom, where seven, fourth-century stones are inscribed in Wengi letters (used in the <a href="Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallava</a> period) and in <a href="Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> describing the kings of the kingdom of Tarumanagara.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahorka-2007_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahorka-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records of Tarumanegara lasted until the sixth century, which coincides with the attack of <a href="Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, as stated in the <a href="Kota_Kapur_inscription" title="Kota Kapur inscription">Kota Kapur inscription</a> (AD 686).

</p><p>The <a href="Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a> subsequently became the ruling power of the region, as recorded on the Kebon Kopi II inscription (AD 932).<sup id="cite_ref-Zahorka-2007_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahorka-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An Ulama, <a href="Sunan_Gunung_Jati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Gunung Jati">Sunan Gunung Jati</a>, settled in <a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>, intending to spread Islam in the town. Meanwhile, the <a href="Sultanate_of_Demak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Demak">Sultanate of Demak</a> in Central Java grew to become a threat to the Sunda kingdom. To defend against the threat, Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa signed the <a href="Luso-Sundanese_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso-Sundanese Treaty">Luso-Sundanese Treaty</a> with the <a href="Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in 1512. In return, the Portuguese were granted access to build fortresses and warehouses in the area, as well as forming trading agreements with the kingdom. This first international treaty of Sunda Kingdom with the Europeans was commemorated by the placement of the Padrao stone monument at the bank of the <a href="Ciliwung_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliwung River">Ciliwung River</a> in 1522.

</p><p>Although the treaty with the Portuguese had been established, it could not come to realisation. <a href="Sunda_Kalapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda Kalapa">Sunda Kalapa</a> harbour fell under the alliance of the Sultanates of Demak and <a href="Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon</a> (former <a href="Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of Sunda kingdom) in 1524 after forces under Paletehan alias Fadillah Khan had conquered the city. In 1524–1525, troops under <a href="Sunan_Gunung_Jati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Gunung Jati">Sunan Gunung Jati</a> also seized the port of <a href="Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Banten</a> and established the <a href="Sultanate_of_Banten" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Banten">Sultanate of Banten</a> which was affiliated to the Demak Sultanate. The war between the Sunda kingdom and the Demak and Cirebon sultanates continued for five years until a peace treaty was made in 1531 between King Surawisesa and <a href="Sunan_Gunungjati" title="Sunan Gunungjati">Sunan Gunung Jati</a>. From 1567 to 1579, under the last king Raja Mulya, alias Prabu Surya Kencana, the Sunda kingdom declined, under pressure from Sultanate of Banten. After 1576, the kingdom could not maintain control over its capital at <a href="Pakuan_Pajajaran" title="Pakuan Pajajaran">Pakuan Pajajaran</a> (present-day <a href="Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>), and gradually the Sultanate of Banten took over the former Sunda kingdom's territory. The <a href="Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> from Central Java also seized the <a href="Priangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan">Priangan</a> region, the southeastern part of the kingdom.

</p>

<p>In the 16th century, <a href="Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a> and <a href="East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British</a> trading companies established trading ships in western Java after the fall of the Sultanate of Banten. For the next three hundred years, western Java fell under the <a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>' administration. West Java was officially declared as a province of Indonesia in 1950, referring to a statement from Staatblad number 378. On 17 October 2000, as part of nationwide political decentralization, <a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> was separated from West Java and made into a new province. There have been recent proposals to rename the province <b><a href="Pasundan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasundan">Pasundan</a></b> ("<a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> community") after the historical name for West Java.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_administrative_divisions">Government and administrative divisions</h2></div>

<p>Since the creation of West Java Province,<sup id="cite_ref-govwj_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govwj-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the province of West Java was subdivided into four <a href="Cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Indonesia">cities</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Kota</i></span>) and sixteen <a href="Regencies_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies of Indonesia">regencies</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Kabupaten</i></span>), excluding the four regencies which were separated off in 2000 to form the new Banten Province. Subsequently five new independent cities were created between 1996 and 2002 by separation from their surrounding regencies - <b>Bekasi</b> on 16 December 1996, <b>Depok</b> on 27 April 1999, <b>Cimahi</b> and <b>Tasikmalaya</b> on 21 June 2001, and <b>Banjar</b> on 11 December 2002. A 17th regency was formed on 2 January 2007 – <a href="West_Bandung_Regency" title="West Bandung Regency">West Bandung Regency</a> – from the western half of Bandung Regency, and an 18th regency was formed in October 2012 – <a href="Pangandaran_Regency" title="Pangandaran Regency">Pangandaran Regency</a> – from the southern half of Ciamis Regency. On 25 October 2013, the <a href="People's_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> (DPR) began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective new regencies (and eight new provinces),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a further three regencies in West Java – South Garut (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Garut Selatan</i></span>), North Sukabumi (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Sukabumi Utara</i></span>) and West Bogor (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Bogor Barat</i></span>) – but no action has followed in view of the moratorium adopted since 2013 by the Indonesian government on the creation of new provinces, regencies and cities, so none of these three prospective regencies are shown separately on the map below, nor in the following table.

</p><p>These 9 cities and 18 regencies are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census <sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2020 Census, <sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with official estimates as at mid 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are divided into 627 <a href="Districts_of_West_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of West Java">districts</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Kecamatan</i></span>) as at 2024, which comprise 663 urban <a href="Administrative_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative village">villages</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Kelurahan</i></span>) and 5,294 rural villages (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Desa</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-govwj_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govwj-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table also includes the average population density as at mid 2024 for each regency or city.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).

</p>

<caption><b>Cities and Regencies of West Java</b>

</caption>

<p>Cities

</p>

<li><a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukabumi" title="Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li>

<li><a href="Cimahi" title="Cimahi">Cimahi</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></li>

<li><a href="Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Banjar%2C_West_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar, West Java">Banjar</a></li>

<li><a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a></li>

</ol>

</td>

</td>

<p>Regencies

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogor_Regency" title="Bogor Regency">Bogor Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukabumi_Regency" title="Sukabumi Regency">Sukabumi Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Cianjur_Regency" title="Cianjur Regency">Cianjur Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Bandung_Regency" title="West Bandung Regency">West Bandung Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandung_Regency" title="Bandung Regency">Bandung Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Garut_Regency" title="Garut Regency">Garut Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Tasikmalaya_Regency" title="Tasikmalaya Regency">Tasikmalaya Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Pangandaran_Regency" title="Pangandaran Regency">Pangandaran Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciamis_Regency" title="Ciamis Regency">Ciamis Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuningan_Regency" title="Kuningan Regency">Kuningan Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Cirebon_Regency" title="Cirebon Regency">Cirebon Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Majalengka_Regency" title="Majalengka Regency">Majalengka Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumedang_Regency" title="Sumedang Regency">Sumedang Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Indramayu_Regency" title="Indramayu Regency">Indramayu Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Subang_Regency" title="Subang Regency">Subang Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Purwakarta_Regency" title="Purwakarta Regency">Purwakarta Regency</a></li>

<li><a href="Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang Regency</a></li></ul>

</ol>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th>Region<br>Code</th>

<th>Name of <br>Regency<br>or City</th>

<th>Pop'n <br> 2010<br>Census</th>

<th>Pop'n <br> 2020<br>Census</th>

<th>Pop'n <br> mid 2024<br>Estimate</th>

<th>Pop'n <br> Density <br> mid 2024 <br> (per km<sup>2</sup>)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2"><a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a> City</td>

<td align="right">12,411

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Central_Cikarang" title="Central Cikarang">Central Cikarang</a></td>

<td align="right">2,617

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2"><a href="Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a> City</td>

<td align="right">10,823

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2"><a href="Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a> City</td>

<td align="right">9,683

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bogor_Regency" title="Bogor Regency">Bogor Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Cibinong" title="Cibinong">Cibinong</a></td>

<td align="right">1,899

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4"><i><b>Bodebek region/Jakarta sub-regional totals</b></i>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2"><a href="Sukabumi" title="Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a> City</td>

<td align="right">7,571

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sukabumi_Regency" title="Sukabumi Regency">Sukabumi Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Palabuhanratu" title="Palabuhanratu">Palabuhanratu</a></td>

<td align="right">679

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cianjur_Regency" title="Cianjur Regency">Cianjur Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Cianjur" title="Cianjur">Cianjur</a></td>

<td align="right">712

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4"><i><b>West Parahyangan region totals</b></i>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="West_Bandung_Regency" title="West Bandung Regency">West Bandung Regency</a><br>(Bandung Barat)</td>

<td><a href="Ngamprah" title="Ngamprah">Ngamprah</a></td>

<td align="right">1,468

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2"><a href="Cimahi" title="Cimahi">Cimahi</a> City</td>

<td align="right">14,110

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2"><a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> City</td>

<td align="right">15,176

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bandung_Regency" title="Bandung Regency">Bandung Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Soreang" title="Soreang">Soreang</a></td>

<td align="right">2,156

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sumedang_Regency" title="Sumedang Regency">Sumedang Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="North_Sumedang" title="North Sumedang">North Sumedang</a></td>

<td align="right">758

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4"><i><b>Central Parahyangan region/Bandung sub-regional totals</b></i>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Garut_Regency" title="Garut Regency">Garut Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Garut" title="Garut">Garut</a></td>

<td align="right">876

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2"><a href="Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a> City</td>

<td align="right">4,081

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tasikmalaya_Regency" title="Tasikmalaya Regency">Tasikmalaya Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Singaparna" title="Singaparna">Singaparna</a></td>

<td align="right">710

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pangandaran_Regency" title="Pangandaran Regency">Pangandaran Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Parigi%2C_West_Java" title="Parigi, West Java">Parigi</a></td>

<td align="right">385

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2"><a href="Banjar%2C_West_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar, West Java">Banjar City</a></td>

<td align="right">1,601

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ciamis_Regency" title="Ciamis Regency">Ciamis Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Ciamis" title="Ciamis">Ciamis</a></td>

<td align="right">789

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4"><i><b>East Parahyangan region totals</b></i>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kuningan_Regency" title="Kuningan Regency">Kuningan Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Kuningan" title="Kuningan">Kuningan</a></td>

<td align="right">1,018

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2"><a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> City</td>

<td align="right">8,744

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cirebon_Regency" title="Cirebon Regency">Cirebon Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Sumber%2C_Cirebon" title="Sumber, Cirebon">Sumber</a></td>

<td align="right">2,228

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Majalengka_Regency" title="Majalengka Regency">Majalengka Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Majalengka" title="Majalengka">Majalengka</a></td>

<td align="right">1,017

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Indramayu_Regency" title="Indramayu Regency">Indramayu Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Indramayu" title="Indramayu">Indramayu</a></td>

<td align="right">922

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4"><i><b>Rebana region/Cirebon sub-regional totals</b></i>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Subang_Regency" title="Subang Regency">Subang Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Subang%2C_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subang, Indonesia">Subang</a></td>

<td align="right">768

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Purwakarta_Regency" title="Purwakarta Regency">Purwakarta Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="Purwakarta" title="Purwakarta">Purwakarta</a></td>

<td align="right">1,058

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang Regency</a></td>

<td><a href="West_Karawang" title="West Karawang">West Karawang</a></td>

<td align="right">1,335

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4"><i><b>Purwasuka region totals</b></i>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<td colspan="4"><i><b>Totals for all regions</b></i></td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Much of the population growth has been in the northwest corner of the province, in those areas bordering Jakarta and forming part of the <a href="Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta metropolitan area</a>. These comprise Bekasi and Bogor Regencies, together with the separate cities of Bekasi, Bogor and Depok, and area collectively described as the <b>Bodebek</b> region (an acronym of <b>BO</b>gor<b>DE</b>pok<b>BEK</b>asi); in total they cover an area of 4,767.12 km<sup>2</sup> (about the same area as the <a href="Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a> council area) and had a population estimated at 14,842,220 in mid 2024; and officially projected to be 14,924,650 in mid 2025 (and 15.0 millions in mid 2026).<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The province comprises eleven of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the <a href="Indonesian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Parliament">People's Representative Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province's 91 elected members are comprised as follows:

</p>

<ul><li>The <b>West Java I Electoral District</b> consists of the cities of Bandung and Cimahi, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java II Electoral District</b> consists of the regencies of Bandung and West Bandung, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java III Electoral District</b> consists of the regency of Cianjur, together with the city of Bogor (these two areas are non adjacent), and elects 9 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java IV Electoral District</b> consists of the regency of Sukabumi and city of Sukabumi, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java V Electoral District</b> consists solely of the regency of Bogor, and elects 9 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java VI Electoral District</b> consists of the cities of Bekasi and Depok, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java VII Electoral District</b> consists of the regencies of Bekasi, Karawang and Purwakarta, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java VIII Electoral District</b> consists of the regencies of Cirebon and Indramayu, together with the city of Cirebon, and elects 9 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java IX Electoral District</b> consists of the regencies of Subang, Sumedang and Majalenka, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java X Electoral District</b> consists of the regencies of Ciamis, Kuningan and Pangandaran, together with the city of Banjar, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council.</li>

<li>The <b>West Java XI Electoral District</b> consists of the regencies of Garut and Tasikmalaya, together with the city of Tasikmalaya, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_Development_Index">Human Development Index</h3></div>

<p>Cities and Regencies in West Java range high to medium <a href="List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI).

</p>

<th># 

</th>

<th> City / Regency

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="3" style="color:#007B00;">Very high human development

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> City</td>

<td>0.835

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a> City</td>

<td>0.835

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a> City</td>

<td>0.829

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cimahi" title="Cimahi">Cimahi</a> City</td>

<td>0.800

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="3" style="color:#090;">High human development

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a> City</td>

<td>0.785

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> City</td>

<td>0.770

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sukabumi" title="Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a> City</td>

<td>0.768

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a></td>

<td>0.764

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a> City</td>

<td>0.750

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0.744

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia"></a></span></span> <b>Indonesia</b></td>

<td>0.742

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bandung_Regency" title="Bandung Regency">Bandung Regency</a></td>

<td>0.742

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sumedang_Regency" title="Sumedang Regency">Sumedang Regency</a></td>

<td>0.737

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Banjar%2C_West_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar, West Java">Banjar</a> City</td>

<td>0.736

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang Regency</a></td>

<td>0.729

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Purwakarta_Regency" title="Purwakarta Regency">Purwakarta Regency</a></td>

<td>0.726

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ciamis_Regency" title="Ciamis Regency">Ciamis Regency</a></td>

<td>0.725

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bogor_Regency" title="Bogor Regency">Bogor Regency</a></td>

<td>0.723

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cirebon_Regency" title="Cirebon Regency">Cirebon Regency</a></td>

<td>0.714

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Subang_Regency" title="Subang Regency">Subang Regency</a></td>

<td>0.713

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kuningan_Regency" title="Kuningan Regency">Kuningan Regency</a></td>

<td>0.712

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="West_Bandung_Regency" title="West Bandung Regency">West Bandung Regency</a></td>

<td>0.700

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="3" style="color:#fc0;">Medium human development

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pangandaran_Regency" title="Pangandaran Regency">Pangandaran Regency</a></td>

<td>0.698

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Indramayu_Regency" title="Indramayu Regency">Indramayu Regency</a></td>

<td>0.698

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Majalengka_Regency" title="Majalengka Regency">Majalengka Regency</a></td>

<td>0.697

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sukabumi_Regency" title="Sukabumi Regency">Sukabumi Regency</a></td>

<td>0.689

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Garut_Regency" title="Garut Regency">Garut Regency</a></td>

<td>0.687

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tasikmalaya_Regency" title="Tasikmalaya Regency">Tasikmalaya Regency</a></td>

<td>0.683

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cianjur_Regency" title="Cianjur Regency">Cianjur Regency</a></td>

<td>0.672

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div>

<p>West Java borders Jakarta and <a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> province to the west and <a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> to the east. To the north is the <a href="Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>. To the south is the <a href="Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. Unlike most other provinces in Indonesia which have their capitals in coastal areas, the provincial capital, Bandung, is located in the mountainous area in the centre of the province. <a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> Province was formerly part of West Java but was created a separate province in 2000. West Java, in the densely populated western third of Java and covering a land area of 37,040.04 km<sup>2</sup> (larger than <a href="Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> or <a href="Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk Oblast</a>), is home to almost one out of every five Indonesians.

</p>

<p>West Java and Banten provinces, as a part of the <a href="Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a>, have more mountains and volcanoes than any of the other provinces in Indonesia. The vast volcanic mountainous region of inland West Java is traditionally known as <a href="Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Parahyangan</a> (also known as <a href="Priangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan">Priangan</a> or <a href="Preanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Preanger">Preanger</a>) which means "The abode of <a href="Hyang" title="Hyang">hyangs</a> (gods)". It is considered as the heartland of the Sundanese people. The highest point of West Java is the <a href="Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> <a href="Mount_Cereme" title="Mount Cereme">Mount Cereme</a> (3,078 metres) bordering <a href="Kuningan" title="Kuningan">Kuningan</a> and <a href="Majalengka" title="Majalengka">Majalengka</a> Regencies. West Java has rich and fertile volcanic soil. Agriculture, mostly traditional dry rice cultivation (known as <i>ladang</i> or <i>huma</i>), has become the primary way of life of traditional Sundanese people. Since the era of the <a href="Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC), West Java has been known as a productive plantation area for coffee, tea, quinine, and many other cash crops. The mountainous region of West Java is also a major producer of vegetables and decorative flowering plants. The landscape of the province is one of volcanic mountains, rugged terrain, forest, mountains, rivers, fertile agricultural land, and natural sea harbours.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Flowing through the <a href="Bandung_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandung Basin">Bandung Basin</a> to the northeast is the <a href="Citarum_River" title="Citarum River">Tarum River</a> (or <i>Ci-tarum</i>), the longest and most important river in the province. This 300-km long river is the site of three dams, namely <a href="Cirata_Dam" title="Cirata Dam">Cirata Dam</a>, <a href="Saguling_Dam" title="Saguling Dam">Saguling Dam</a>, and <a href="Jatiluhur_Dam" title="Jatiluhur Dam">Jatiluhur Dam</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div>

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<div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">West Java GDP share by sector (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

<li><span class="l-label">Manufacturing (42.2%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label">Service (39.1%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label">Other Industrial (10.1%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label">Agriculture (8.57%)</span></li>

</ol>

</div>

</div></div></div>

<p>Initially, the economy of the <a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a> in West Java relied heavily on <a href="Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> cultivation. Ancient kingdoms established in the province such as the <a href="Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a> and <a href="Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a> are known to have relied on rice taxes and agriculture revenues. The cycle of life of the ancient Sundanese people revolved around the rice crop cycle. Traditional rice harvest festivals such as the <a href="Seren_Taun" class="mw-redirect" title="Seren Taun">Seren Taun</a> were important. The ancient goddess of rice, <a href="Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Asri</a>, is revered in Sundanese culture. Traditionally, Sundanese people often used dry rice cultivation (<i>ladang</i>). After the <a href="Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a> expanded to the Priangan area in the early 17th century following the <a href="Sultan_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Agung">Sultan Agung</a> campaign against Dutch Batavia, <i>sawah</i> (wet rice cultivation) began to be adopted in the northern lowlands of West Java. Regencies such as <a href="Indramayu" title="Indramayu">Indramayu</a>, <a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>, <a href="Subang_Regency" title="Subang Regency">Subang</a>, <a href="Karawang" title="Karawang">Karawang</a> and <a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a> are now well known as vital rice-producing areas. The mountainous region of West Java supplies vegetables, flower and much horticultural produce to Jakarta and Bandung, while animal farms in West Java produce dairy products and meats.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3></div>

<p>During the entire Dutch colonial era, West Java fell under Dutch administration centered in <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavia</a>. The Dutch colonial government introduced <a href="Cash_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash crops">cash crops</a> such as <a href="Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, and <a href="Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>. Since the 18th century, West Java (known as "De Preanger") was known as a productive plantation area and became integrated with global trade and economy. Services such as transportation and banking were provided to cater for wealthy Dutch plantation owners. West Java is known as one of the earliest developed regions in the Indonesian archipelago. In the early 20th century, the Dutch colonial government developed infrastructures for economic purposes, especially to support Dutch plantations in the region. Roads and railways were constructed to connect inland plantations area with urban centres such as Bandung and the port of Batavia.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_independence">Post independence</h3></div>

<p>After Indonesian independence in 1945, West Java became a supporting region for <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, the capital of Indonesia. Jakarta remained as the business and political centre of Indonesia. Several regencies and cities in West Java such as <a href="Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, <a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a> and <a href="Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a> were developed as supporting areas for Jakarta and came to form the <a href="Greater_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Jakarta">Greater Jakarta</a> area or <i>Jabodetabek</i> (<b>Ja</b>karta, <b>Bo</b>gor, <b>De</b>pok, <b>Ta</b>ngerang and <b>Bek</b>asi). The northern area of West Java has become a major industrial area, with areas such as Bekasi, <a href="Cikarang" title="Cikarang">Cikarang</a> and <a href="Karawang" title="Karawang">Karawang</a> sprawling with factories and industries. The area in and around <a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> has also developed as an industrial area.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3></div>

<p>Based on the data from Indonesia State Secretary, the total area of rice fields in West Java Province in 2006 was 9,488,623 km which produced 9,418,882 tons of paddy in 2006, consisting of 9,103,800 tons rice field paddy and 315,082 tons farmland paddy. Palawija (non-rice food) production, reached 2,044,674 tons with productivity 179.28 quintal per ha. Nevertheless, the widest plant's width is for corn commodity which reaches 148,505 ha. West Java also produces horticulture consists of 2,938,624 tons vegetables, 3,193,744 tons fruits, and 159,871 tons medicines plants/ bio pharmacology.

</p><p>Forest in West Java covers 764,387.59 ha or 20.62% from the total size of the province. It consists of productive forest 362,980.40 ha (9.79%), protected forest 228,727.11 ha (6.17%), and conservation forest 172,680 ha (4.63%). Mangrove forest reaches 40,129.89 ha, and spread in 10 regencies where coasts are available. Besides, there is also another protected forest of about 32,313.59 ha organized by Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java and Banten.

</p><p>From the productive forest, in 2006 West Java harvested crop of about 200,675 m³ wood, although the need for wood in this province every year is about 4 million m³. Until 2006, populace forest's width 214,892 ha with wood production is about 893,851.75 m³. West Java also produces non-forest's crop which is potential enough to be developed as forestry work, such as silk, mushroom, pine, dammar, maleleuca, rattan, bamboo, and swallow bird's nest.

</p><p>In the fishery sector, commodities include goldfish, nila fish, milkfish, freshwater catfish, windu shrimp, green mussel, gouramy, patin, seaweed and vaname shrimp. In 2006, this province harvested 560,000 tons of fish from fishery cultivation crop and brackish or 63.63% from fishery production total in West Java.

</p>

<p>In the poultry field, dairy cow, domestic poultry, and ducks are common commodities in West Java. 2006 data stated that there are 96,796 dairy cows (25% of the national population), 4,249,670 sheep, 28,652,493 domestic poultries, and 5,596,882 ducks (16% of the national population). Now there are only 245,994 beef cattle in West Java (3% national population), whereas the need every year is about 300,000 beef cattle.

</p><p>This province has many plantation crops, such as tea, cloves, coconut, rubber, cacao, tobacco, coffee, sugar, palm and akar wangi (<a href="Chrysopogon_zizanioides" title="Chrysopogon zizanioides">Chrysopogon zizanioides</a>). From all those commodities, cloves, coconut, rubber, cocoa, tobacco, and coffee are common in West Java. From area side, the best productivity, that is plan area's width equals with the plant's width that produces tobacco and sugar palm commodities. From the production side, the highest productivity is oil palm (6.5 tons per ha) and sugar palm (5.5 tons per ha).

</p><p>West Java also has several mining operations. In 2006, it contributed 5,284 tons zeolite, 47,978 tons bentonite, iron sand, pozzolan cement, feldspar, and jewel barn/ gemstone. Precious stone mining potential generally is found in Garut, Tasikmalaya, Kuningan, and Sukabumi Regency areas.

</p><p>As consequences of having many volcanoes, West Java has the potential of <a href="Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a>. There are eleven points of geothermal energy, and three, i.e. <a href="Papandayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Papandayan">Papandayan</a>, <a href="Mount_Cereme" title="Mount Cereme">Ceremai</a>, and <a href="Gede_Pangrango" class="mw-redirect" title="Gede Pangrango">Gede Pangrango</a> have conducted pre-exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Raw natural resources include <a href="Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, several offshore oilfields in the <a href="Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>, and lumber. Most of the province is very fertile, with a mix of small farms and larger plantations. There are several <a href="Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> dams, including <a href="Jatiluhur_Dam" title="Jatiluhur Dam">Jatiluhur</a>, <a href="Saguling_Dam" title="Saguling Dam">Saguling</a>, <a href="Cirata_Dam" title="Cirata Dam">Cirata</a>, and <a href="Jatigede_Dam" title="Jatigede Dam">Jatigede</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div>

<p>Tourism is an important industry in West Java, and the <a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> and <a href="Puncak" title="Puncak">Puncak</a> areas have long been known as popular weekend destinations for Jakartans. Today, Bandung has developed into a historical tourist destination, with the <a href="Merdeka_Building" title="Merdeka Building">Merdeka Building</a> and <a href="Braga_Street" title="Braga Street">Braga Street</a> shopping area popular not only among locals, but also with visitors from Malaysia and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history-rich coastal city of <a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> is also a cultural tourism destination since the city has several <a href="Kraton_(Indonesia)" title="Kraton (Indonesia)">kratons</a> and historical sites such as Gua Sunyaragi. Other tourist destinations include the <a href="Bogor_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogor Botanical Garden">Bogor Botanical Garden</a>, <a href="Taman_Safari" title="Taman Safari">Taman Safari</a>, <a href="Tangkuban_Perahu" title="Tangkuban Perahu">Tangkuban Perahu</a> crater, <a href="Pelabuhanratu_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelabuhanratu Bay">Pelabuhanratu Bay</a>, Ciater hot springs, <a href="Kawah_Putih" title="Kawah Putih">Kawah Putih</a> crater to the south of Bandung, <a href="Pangandaran" title="Pangandaran">Pangandaran</a> beach, and various mountain resorts in Cianjur, Garut, Tasikmalaya, and Kuningan.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div>

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</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,623,529</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,453,525</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,384,352</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,206,787</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">35,729,537</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−8.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,965,440</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">43,053,732</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">46,668,214</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">48,274,162</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2024 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,345,189</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">2000 Census decline was due to the splitting off of <a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> as a separate province. Source: Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2025<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and previous reports. Note 1995, 2005 and 2015 totals are Inter-Censal estimates.</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The population of West Java was 43,053,732 at the 2010 Census and 48,274,162 at the 2020 Census, making it the most populous province of Indonesia, home to 18% of the national total on 1.8% of the country's land. The mid-2024 official estimate was 50,345,189 (comprising 25,492,197 males and 24,852,992 females).<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2025-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the special district of <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, it is the most densely populated province in the country with an average of 1,359 people per km<sup>2</sup> (mid 2024 estimate). The average annual population growth rate recorded in the ten years to 2010 was 1.9%,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the growth has since slowed and was just 1.1% between 2020 and 2024.

</p><p>Data from the <a href="2000_Indonesian_census" title="2000 Indonesian census">2000 Indonesian census</a> recorded that most of the areas of 22 regencies and cities in West Java in 2000, the majority of the population came from the <a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> ethnic group, except in Cirebon, Indramayu, Bekasi, and Depok. Cirebon and Indramayu are predominantly <a href="Cirebonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese">Cirebonese</a>. While Depok and Bekasi, the majority of the population are <a href="Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a>. Other tribes from outside Java and other tribes are mostly <a href="Bataks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataks">Bataks</a>, <a href="Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, and <a href="Chinese-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese-Indonesian">Chinese</a>. Generally spread across Bekasi, Depok, Bandung, and Bogor.<sup id="cite_ref-SUKU_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUKU-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_and_linguistic_composition">Ethnic and linguistic composition</h3></div>

<div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Ethnic groups in West Java<sup id="cite_ref-SUKU_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUKU-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

<li><span class="l-label"><a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> (71.9%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label"><a href="Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> (11.1%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label"><a href="Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a> (5.33%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label"><a href="Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a> (5.30%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label">Others (6.45%)</span></li>

</ol>

</div>

</div></div></div>

<p>West Java is the native homeland of <a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a> which forms the largest ethnic group in West Java. Since Jakarta and the surrounding area, including West Java, is the business and political centre of Indonesia, the province has attracted various people from other parts of Indonesia. The biggest minority is <a href="Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> who migrated to the province centuries ago. Other <a href="Native_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Indonesian">Native Indonesian</a> ethnic groups such as <a href="Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a>, <a href="Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay</a>, <a href="Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a>, <a href="Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>, <a href="Ambonese_people" title="Ambonese people">Ambonese</a>, and many other Indonesians who migrated to and settled in West Java cities can also be easily found. The urban areas also have a significant population of <a href="Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese Indonesians</a>.

</p><p>In addition to <a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, the official national language, the other widely spoken language in the province is <a href="Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>. In some areas near the southern borders with <a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, <a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> is also spoken, then also the <a href="Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi language</a> which is dominant in the cities of <a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, <a href="Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a>, and half in the western and northern parts of <a href="Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a>, and the northern part of <a href="Bogor_Regency" title="Bogor Regency">Bogor Regency</a>. The main language spoken in <a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> and nearby areas (<a href="Majalengka" title="Majalengka">Majalengka</a>, <a href="Indramayu" title="Indramayu">Indramayu</a>, <a href="Sumber%2C_Cirebon" title="Sumber, Cirebon">Sumber</a>) is <a href="Cirebonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese">Cirebonese</a>, a dialect of Javanese with Sundanese influence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div>

<p>As of 2022, <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the largest religion in West Java, being practiced by 97.34% of the population. Minority religions are <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> with 2,39% (<a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> 1.78% and <a href="Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> 0.61%) , <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> 0.2%, <a href="Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> 0.035%, <a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> 0.025% and <a href="Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> 0.01% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-RELIGION_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultures">Cultures</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a></div>

<p>The Sundanese share the Java island with the Javanese and primarily live in West Java. Although the Sundanese live on the same island as the Javanese, their culture is distinct and likewise consider themselves to live in a separate cultural area called <i>Pasundan</i> or <i>Tatar Sunda</i>. Someone moving from West Java to Central or East Java is literally said to be moving from Sunda to Java worlds. Bandung is considered as the cultural heartland of <a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a>, and many indigenous Sundanese artforms were developed in this city. The nearby province of <a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> is similar in this regard and is also considered to be part of <i>Pasundan</i> as well.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div>

<p>The musical arts of Sunda, which is an expression of the emotions of Sundanese culture, express politeness and grace of Sundanese. <a href="Degung" class="mw-redirect" title="Degung">Degung</a> orchestra consists of Sundanese <a href="Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>. In addition to the Sundanese forms of Gamelan in <a href="Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Parahyangan</a>, the region of Cirebon retains its own distinct musical traditions. Amongst Cirebons' varying Gamelan ensembles the two most frequently heard are Gamelan Pelog (a non-equidistant heptatonic tuning system) and Gamelan Prawa (a semi-equidistant pentatonic tuning system). Gamelan Pelog is traditionally reserved for Tayuban, Wayang Cepak, and listening and dance music of the Kratons in Cirebon, while Gamelan Prawa is traditionally reserved for Wayang Purwa.

</p><p><a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> also retains specialised Gamelan ensembles including Sekaten, which is played in the Kratons to mark important times in the Islamic calendar, Denggung, also a Kraton ensemble, which is believed to have some "supernatural powers", and Renteng, an ensemble found in both Cirebon and Parahyangan known for its loud and energetic playing style.

</p>

<p><a href="Tembang_Sunda" title="Tembang Sunda">Tembang Sunda</a> is a genre of Sundanese vocal music accompanied by a core ensemble of two <a href="Kacapi" title="Kacapi">Kacapi</a> (zither) and a <a href="Suling" title="Suling">Suling</a> (bamboo flute). The music and poetry of tembang Sunda are closely associated with the Parahyangan, the highland plateau that transverses the central and southern parts of Sunda. The natural environment of Priangan, an agricultural region surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, is reflected in some songs of the tembang Sunda.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Kacapi_suling" title="Kacapi suling">Kacapi suling</a> is tembang Sunda minus vocal. <a href="Tarawangsa" title="Tarawangsa">Tarawangsa</a> is a genuine popular art is performed on ensemble consists of tarawangsa (a violin with an end pin) and the jentreng (a kind of seven-stringed zither). It is accompanied by a secret dance called Jentreng. The dance is a part of a ritual celebrating the goddess of paddy Dewi Sri. Its ceremonial significance is associated with a ritual of thanksgiving associated with the rice harvest. Tarawangsa can also be played for healing or even purely for entertainment.

</p>

<p>The three main types of Sundanese bamboo ensembles are <a href="Angklung" title="Angklung">angklung</a>, <a href="Calung" title="Calung">calung</a>, <a href="Karinding" title="Karinding">karinding</a> and arumba. The exact features of each ensemble vary according to context, related instruments, and relative popularity. Angklung is a generic term for sets of tuned, shaken bamboo rattles. Angklung consists of a frame upon which hang several different lengths of hollow bamboo. Angklungs are played like handbells, with each instrument played to a different note. Angklung rattles are played in interlocking patterns, usually with only one or two instruments played per person. The ensemble is used in Sundanese processions, sometimes with trance or acrobatics.

</p><p>Performed at life-cycle rituals and feasts (hajat), angklung is believed to maintain balance and harmony in the village. In its most modern incarnation, angklung is performed in schools as an aid to learning music. The Angklung received international attention when Daeng Soetigna, from Bandung, expanded the angklung notations not only to play traditional pélog or sléndro scales but also diatonic scale in 1938. Since then, angklung is often played together with other Western musical instruments in an orchestra. One of the first well-known performances of angklung in an orchestra was during the <a href="Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a> in 1955. Like those in angklung, the instruments of the calung ensemble are of bamboo, but each consists of several differently tuned tubes fixed onto a piece of bamboo; the player holds the instrument in his left hand and strikes it with a beater held in his right.

</p><p>The highest-pitched calung has the highest number of tubes and the densest musical activity; the lowest-pitched, with two tubes, has the least. Calung is nearly always associated with earthy humour, and is played by men. Arumba refers to a set of diatonically tuned bamboo xylophones, often played by women. It is frequently joined by modern instruments, including a drum set, electric guitar, bass, and keyboards.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div>

<p><i>Wayang golek</i> is a traditional form of puppetry from Sunda. Unlike the better-known leather shadow puppets (<i><a href="Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">wayang kulit</a></i>) found in the rest of Java and Bali, <i>wayang golek</i> puppets are made from wood and are three-dimensional, rather than two. They use a banana palm in which the puppets stand, behind which one puppeteer (<i>dalang</i>) is accompanied by his <i>gamelan</i> orchestra with up to 20 musicians. The <i>gamelan</i> uses a five-note scale as opposed to the seven-note western scale. The musicians are guided by the drummer, who in turn is guided by signals from the puppet master dalang gives to change the mood or pace required. <i>Wayang golek</i> are used by the Sundanese to tell the epic play "Mahabarata", and various other morality-type plays. <a href="Sandiwara" title="Sandiwara">Sandiwara Sunda</a> is a type folk theater performed in <a href="Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> and presenting <a href="Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> themes, folklores and stories.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3></div>

<p>Sundanese and Cirebonese dance shows the influence of the many groups that have traded and settled in the area over the centuries, and includes variations from graceful to dynamic syncopated drumming patterns, quick wrist flicks, sensual hip movements, and fast shoulder and torso isolations.

<i><a href="Jaipongan" title="Jaipongan">Jaipongan</a></i> is probably the most popular traditional social dance of Sundanese people and <a href="Cirebonese_mask_dance" title="Cirebonese mask dance">Cirebonese mask dance</a> is the most popular traditional social dance of Cirebonese people . It can be performed in solo, groups, or pair.

The <i>Tari Merak</i> (<a href="Peacock_dance" title="Peacock dance">Peafowl Dance</a>) is a female dance inspired by the movements of a peafowl and its feathers blended with the classical movements of the Sundanese dance.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folktales_and_legend_stories">Folktales and legend stories</h3></div>

<p>There are stories and folktales transcribed from <a href="Pantun_Sunda" title="Pantun Sunda">Pantun Sunda</a> stories.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Among the most well-known folktale and stories are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Mundinglaya_Dikusumah" title="Mundinglaya Dikusumah">Mundinglaya Dikusumah</a>, which tells of Mundinglaya visiting Jabaning Langit to find layang Salaka Domas. It is a symbolic story of Surawisesa visiting Malaka to establish a peace treaty with the Portuguese before 1522.</li>

<li><a href="Lutung_Kasarung" title="Lutung Kasarung">Lutung Kasarung</a>, tells the life of a beautiful princess, in the era of Pasir Batang kingdom, a vassal of Sunda kingdom. She faces the evil of her older sister willing to seize her right as a queen.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Ciung_Wanara" title="Ciung Wanara">Ciung Wanara</a>, tells of the fight of two princes of Sunda kingdom and the history of Cipamali river (present-day <a href="Brebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Brebes">Brebes</a> river) as a boundary between Sundanese and Javanese territories.</li>

<li><a href="Sangkuriang" title="Sangkuriang">Sangkuriang</a>, which tells the story of the creation of Mount <a href="Tangkuban_Parahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangkuban Parahu">Tangkuban Parahu</a> and the ancient lake <a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Nyai_Loro_Kidul" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyai Loro Kidul">Nyai Loro Kidul</a> (also spelt <i>Nyi Roro Kidul</i>) is a legendary female spirit or <a href="Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, known as the Queen of the Southern Sea of Java (<a href="Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> or Samudra Kidul south of <a href="Java_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Java island">Java island</a>) in <a href="Sundanese_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundanese mythology">Sundanese</a> as well in <a href="Javanese_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese mythology">Javanese</a> and <a href="Balinese_mythology" title="Balinese mythology">Balinese</a> mythology.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div>

<p>Old Sundanese literature, among others, are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Bujangga_Manik" title="Bujangga Manik">Bujangga Manik</a>, which was written on 29 palm leaves and kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford since 1627, mentioning more than 450 names of places, regions, rivers and mountains situated on Java island, Bali island and Sumatra island.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorduyn_2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorduyn_2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Carita_Parahyangan" title="Carita Parahyangan">Carita Parahyangan</a>, telling Sundanese kings and kingdoms from the pre-Islamic period.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorduyn_2006_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorduyn_2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Siksakandang_Karesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Siksakandang Karesian">Siksakandang Karesian</a>, providing the reader with all kinds of religious and moralistic rules, prescriptions and lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorduyn_2006_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorduyn_2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese cuisine</a></div>

<p><a href="Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese cuisine</a> is one of the most famous traditional food in Indonesia, and it is also easily found in most Indonesian cities. The Sundanese food is characterized by its freshness; the famous <i><a href="Lalab" title="Lalab">lalab</a></i> (raw vegetables salad) eaten with <i><a href="Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a></i> (chili paste), and also <i><a href="Karedok" title="Karedok">karedok</a></i> (peanuts paste) demonstrate the Sundanese fondness for fresh raw vegetables. Similar to other ethnic groups in Indonesia, Sundanese people eat <a href="Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> for almost every meal. The Sundanese like to say, "If you have not eaten rice, then you have not eaten at all." Rice is prepared in hundreds of different ways. However, it is simple steamed rice that serves as the centrepiece of all meals.

</p><p>Next to <a href="Steamed_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamed rice">steamed rice</a>, the side dishes of <a href="Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, <a href="Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, or <a href="Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> are added to provide a variety of tastes as well as for protein, mineral and nutrient intake. These side dishes are grilled, fried, steamed or boiled and spiced with any combination of garlic, <a href="Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a> (a plant of the ginger family), turmeric, coriander, ginger, and lemongrass. The herb-rich food wrapped and cooked inside banana leaf called <i><a href="Pepes" title="Pepes">pepes</a></i> (Sundanese: <i>pais</i>) is popular among Sundanese people. <i>Pepes</i> are available in many varieties according to their ingredients; carp fish, anchovies, minced meat with eggs, mushroom, tofu or oncom. <i><a href="Oncom" title="Oncom">Oncom</a></i> is a fermented peanut-based ingredient that is prevalent within Sundanese cuisine, just like its counterpart, Tempe, which is popular among Javanese people. Usually, the food itself is not too spicy, but it is served with a boiling sauce made by grinding chilli peppers and garlic together. On the coast, saltwater fish are common; in the mountains, fish tend to be either pond-raised carp or goldfish. A well-known Sundanese dish is <i>lalapan</i>, which consists only of raw vegetables, such as <a href="Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a> leaves, <a href="Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumber</a>, <a href="Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, and <a href="Bitter_melon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter melon">bitter melon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toll_roads">Toll roads</h3></div>

<p>Due to its proximity to <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> and its growing population and industry, West Java has the longest tolled highway road of any provinces. As of April 2015, there are several toll roads in West Java

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Jakarta%E2%80%93Cikampek_Toll_Road" title="Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road">Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road</a> (73 km)</li>

<li><a href="Depok%E2%80%93Antasari_Toll_Road" title="Depok–Antasari Toll Road">Depok–Antasari Toll Road</a> (21.54 km)</li>

<li><a href="Bekasi%E2%80%93Cawang%E2%80%93Kampung_Melayu_Toll_Road" title="Bekasi–Cawang–Kampung Melayu Toll Road">Becakayu Toll Road</a> (21.04 km)</li>

<li><a href="Cisumdawu_Toll_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisumdawu Toll Road">Cisumdawu Toll Road</a> (60.5 km)</li>

<li><a href="Cipularang_Toll_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cipularang Toll Road">Cipularang Toll Road</a> (58.5 km)</li>

<li><a href="Padalarang%E2%80%93Cileunyi_Toll_Road" title="Padalarang–Cileunyi Toll Road">Padalarang–Cileunyi Toll Road</a> (33 km)</li>

<li><a href="Jagorawi_Toll_Road" title="Jagorawi Toll Road">Jagorawi Toll Road</a> (46 km)</li>

<li><a href="Palimanan%E2%80%93Kanci_Toll_Road" title="Palimanan–Kanci Toll Road">Palimanan–Kanci Toll Road</a> (28.8 km)</li>

<li><a href="Bogor_Ring_Road" title="Bogor Ring Road">Bogor Ring Road</a> (partially built)</li>

<li><a href="Kanci%E2%80%93Pejagan_Toll_Road" title="Kanci–Pejagan Toll Road">Kanci–Pejagan Toll Road</a> (35 km)</li>

<li><a href="Cikopo%E2%80%93Palimanan_Toll_Road" title="Cikopo–Palimanan Toll Road">Cikopo–Palimanan Toll Road</a> (116 km)</li>

<li><a href="Soreang%E2%80%93Pasir_Koja_Toll_Road" title="Soreang–Pasir Koja Toll Road">Soreang–Pasir Koja Toll Road</a> (10.6 km)</li>

<li><a href="Bocimi_Toll_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Bocimi Toll Road">Bocimi Toll Road</a> (built: Bogor-Cigombong) (15.3 km)</li></ul>

<p>In addition to completed highways there are some highways that are being built.

</p><p>Several other proposed toll roads are Bandung Intra-Urban Toll Road, Cileunyi–Tasikmalaya, and Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 (a section of this road has been built).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3></div>

<p>Most cities and towns in West Java are served with <a href="Narrow-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow-gauge">narrow-gauge</a> (mainly <a href="3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">1067mm</a>) lines and connected to other provinces on Java Island. An example commuter rail in West Java which is <a href="Greater_Bandung_Commuter_Line" title="Greater Bandung Commuter Line">Bandung Commuterline</a> and <a href="KRL_Commuterline" title="KRL Commuterline">KRL Commuterline</a> electric suburban trains of <a href="Greater_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Jakarta">Greater Jakarta</a> covered the cities to <a href="KA_Commuter_Line_Jakarta_Kota%E2%80%93Bogor" class="mw-redirect" title="KA Commuter Line Jakarta Kota–Bogor">Bogor</a> and <a href="KA_Commuter_Line_Jakarta_Kota%E2%80%93Cikarang" class="mw-redirect" title="KA Commuter Line Jakarta Kota–Cikarang">Cikarang</a>, also <a href="Jabodebek_LRT" title="Jabodebek LRT">Jabodebek LRT</a> is a light rapid transit covered into <a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, <a href="Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a>, and <a href="Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a> with <a href="Bekasi_Line" title="Bekasi Line">Bekasi Line</a> and <a href="Cibubur_Line" title="Cibubur Line">Cibubur Line</a>.

</p><p>A <a href="High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">high-speed railway</a>, connecting Jakarta and Bandung, was opened in October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then <a href="Jakarta_MRT" title="Jakarta MRT">Jakarta MRT</a> Phase 3 with Balaraja to Cikarang, will be under construction in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Bandung <a href="Husein_Sastranegara_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Husein Sastranegara International Airport">Husein Sastranegara International Airport</a> serves direct domestic flights to <a href="Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a>, <a href="Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a>, <a href="Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, <a href="Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung</a>, <a href="Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a>, <a href="Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, <a href="Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a>, <a href="Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, and also international services to/from <a href="Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and <a href="Singapore_Changi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Changi Airport">Singapore</a>. The <a href="Kertajati_International_Airport" title="Kertajati International Airport">Kertajati International Airport</a> in Majalengka Regency is built to replace the Husein Sastranegara Airport and to ease air traffic at <a href="Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_International_Airport" title="Soekarno–Hatta International Airport">Soekarno–Hatta International Airport</a> in <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Padjadjaran_University" title="Padjadjaran University">Padjadjaran University</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="IPB_University" title="IPB University">Bogor Agricultural University</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Bandung_Institute_of_Technology" title="Bandung Institute of Technology">Bandung Institute of Technology</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><b>Campus Building</b></div></div></div></div>

<p>West Java is one of the most popular destinations for <a href="Higher_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Indonesia">higher education in Indonesia</a>. It has many well-known universities joined by many students from the entire country. Some of which are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Bandung_Institute_of_Technology" title="Bandung Institute of Technology">Bandung Institute of Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesia_University_of_Education" title="Indonesia University of Education">Indonesia University of Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Padjadjaran_University" title="Padjadjaran University">Padjadjaran University</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogor_Agricultural_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogor Agricultural University">Bogor Agricultural University</a></li>

<li><a href="Parahyangan_Catholic_University" title="Parahyangan Catholic University">Parahyangan Catholic University</a></li>

<li><a href="UIN_Sunan_Gunung_Djati" class="mw-redirect" title="UIN Sunan Gunung Djati">UIN Sunan Gunung Djati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunadarma_University" title="Gunadarma University">Gunadarma University</a></li>

<li><a href="Telkom_University" title="Telkom University">Telkom University</a></li>

<li><a href="President_University" title="President University">President University</a></li></ul>

<p>Another important form of education that is available in most cities in West Java is the <i>Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri</i> (IPDN) located at Sumedang Regency and the Immigration Polytechnic (<i>Politeknik Imigrasi</i>) located in Depok.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-govwj-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govwj_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govwj_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Governance of West Java</i>. West Java Government. 2008. p. 17.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jakarta Post</i>, 14 November 2013</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proyeksi Penduduk Kabupaten/Kpta Provinsi Jawa Barat 2020-2035 | Hasil Sunsus Penduduk 2020.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Law No. 7/2017 (<i>UU No. 7 Tahun 2017</i>) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/NDEzIzI=/-metode-baru--indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html">"[Metode Baru] Indeks Pembangunan Manusia - Tabel Statistik - Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia"</a>. <i>bps.go.id</i>. 15 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2003), p. 123.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jabar.bps.go.id/publication/2023/02/28/57231a828abbfdd50a21fe31/provinsi-jawa-barat-dalam-angka-2023.html">"Provinsi Jawa Barat Dalam Angka 2023"</a>. Statistics Indonesia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/69958/w-java-to-explore-eleven-geothermal-spots">"W Java to explore eleven geothermal spots – ANTARA News"</a>. 5 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817103302/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/69958/w-java-to-explore-eleven-geothermal-spots">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/06/airasia-s-tony-fernandes-keen-world-see-indonesia.html">"AirAsia's Tony Fernandes keen for world to see Indonesia"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528052015/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/06/airasia-s-tony-fernandes-keen-world-see-indonesia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As between the 2000 and 2010 national censuses.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cohen, Matthew Isaac (March 2005). "The Arts of Cirebon". <i>Seleh Notes</i>. 12 #2: 6.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-RELIGION-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama">"Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Religious Affairs</a>. 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZanten1989" class="citation book cs1">Zanten, Wim van (1989). <i>Sundanese Music in the Cianjuran Style</i>. KITLV Press.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNoorduyn2006" class="citation book cs1">Noorduyn, J. (2006). <i>Three Old Sundanese poems</i>. KITLV Press. p. 11.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEringa1949" class="citation book cs1">Eringa, F. S. (1949). <i>Loetoeng kasaroeng: een mythologisch verhaal uit West-Jawa</i>. Verhanddelingen va heit KITL, Leiden.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTerada1994" class="citation book cs1">Terada, Alice M. (1994). <i>"The Story of Sangkuriang," The Magic Crocodile and Other Folktales from Indonesia</i>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>64.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Noorduyn_2006-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noorduyn_2006_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorduyn_2006_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorduyn_2006_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNoorduyn2006" class="citation book cs1">Noorduyn, J. (2006). <i>Three Old Sundanese poems</i>. KITLV Press.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKAsep" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">KAsep. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726214553/http://www.kasundaan.org/id/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=14&Itemid=94">"Kuliner"</a> (in Indonesian). Kasundaan.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kasundaan.org/id/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=14&Itemid=94">the original</a> on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFajri2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fajri, Daniel A. (2 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1778714/6-fakta-kcjb-whoosh-yang-diresmikan-jokowi-hari-ini">"6 Fakta KCJB Whoosh yang Diresmikan Jokowi Hari Ini"</a> (in Indonesian). Tempo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKamalina2023" class="citation web cs1">Kamalina, Annasa Rizki (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20230122/9/1620442/jepang-alirkan-rp160-triliun-untuk-proyek-mrt-cikarang-balaraja-konstruksi-2024">"Jepang Alirkan Rp160 Triliun untuk Proyek MRT Cikarang-Balaraja, Konstruksi 2024"</a>. <i>Bisnis com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Hikam2023" class="citation web cs1">Al Hikam, Herdi Alif (18 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.detik.com/infrastruktur/d-6575266/cek-rincian-48-wilayah-bakal-dilewati-mrt-fase-3-cikarang-balaraja">"Cek! Rincian 48 Wilayah Bakal Dilewati MRT Fase 3 Cikarang-Balaraja"</a>. <i>finance.detik.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/07/24/056893823/Angkasa-Pura-II-Named-Kertajati-Airport-Operator">"Angkasa Pura II Named Kertajati Airport Operator"</a>. <i>Tempo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035233/https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/07/24/056893823/Angkasa-Pura-II-Named-Kertajati-Airport-Operator">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725153232/http://jakartaglobe.id/corporate-news/angkasa-pura-ii-operate-kertajati-west-javas-biggest-airport/">"Angkasa Pura II to Operate Kertajati, West Java's Biggest Airport"</a>. <i>Jakarta Globe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakartaglobe.id/corporate-news/angkasa-pura-ii-operate-kertajati-west-javas-biggest-airport">the original</a> on 25 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPraditya2017" class="citation news cs1">Praditya, Ilyas Istianur (14 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/3094140/bandara-kertajati-bakal-kurangi-kepadatan-soekarno-hatta">"Bandara Kertajati Bakal Kurangi Kepadatan Soekarno-Hatta"</a>. <i>liputan6.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226113852/https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/3094140/bandara-kertajati-bakal-kurangi-kepadatan-soekarno-hatta">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <i>Indonesia</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-300-10518-5</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Java" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:West Java">West Java</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jabarprov.go.id/">Official site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227110159/https://www.jabarprov.go.id/">Archived</a> 27 February 2022 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

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<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a><br><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></td>

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<td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></td>

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<td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></td>

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<td><a href="Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a><br><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></td>

<td><a href="Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></td>

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</style><div id="Regencies_and_cities_of_West_Java180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regencies and cities of </div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align: top"><a href="Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">Regencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align: top"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandung_Regency" title="Bandung Regency">Bandung</a></li>

<li><a href="Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogor_Regency" title="Bogor Regency">Bogor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciamis_Regency" title="Ciamis Regency">Ciamis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cianjur_Regency" title="Cianjur Regency">Cianjur</a></li>

<li><a href="Cirebon_Regency" title="Cirebon Regency">Cirebon</a></li>

<li><a href="Garut_Regency" title="Garut Regency">Garut</a></li>

<li><a href="Indramayu_Regency" title="Indramayu Regency">Indramayu</a></li>

<li><a href="Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuningan_Regency" title="Kuningan Regency">Kuningan</a></li>

<li><a href="Majalengka_Regency" title="Majalengka Regency">Majalengka</a></li>

<li><a href="Pangandaran_Regency" title="Pangandaran Regency">Pangandaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Purwakarta_Regency" title="Purwakarta Regency">Purwakarta</a></li>

<li><a href="Subang_Regency" title="Subang Regency">Subang</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukabumi_Regency" title="Sukabumi Regency">Sukabumi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumedang_Regency" title="Sumedang Regency">Sumedang</a></li>

<li><a href="Tasikmalaya_Regency" title="Tasikmalaya Regency">Tasikmalaya</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Bandung_Regency" title="West Bandung Regency">West Bandung</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align: top"><a href="City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align: top"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></li>

<li><a href="Banjar%2C_West_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar, West Java">Banjar</a></li>

<li><a href="Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cimahi" title="Cimahi">Cimahi</a></li>

<li><a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a></li>

<li><a href="Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukabumi" title="Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">List of regencies and cities of Indonesia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Indonesia764" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Provinces_of_Indonesia764" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">Capital</a>: <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (<i>current</i>) • <a href="Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a> (<i>under construction</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></li>

<li><a href="Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Region of Jakarta</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li>

<li><a href="Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li>

<li><a href="Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li>

<li><a href="Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Special_Region_of_Surakarta" title="Special Region of Surakarta">Special Region of Surakarta</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Sumatra" title="Central Sumatra">Central Sumatra</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Lists by</b>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors in Indonesia">Current governors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">GRP per capita</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Highest point</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indonesian provinces by poverty rate">Poverty rate</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO_3166-2%3AID" title="ISO 3166-2:ID">ISO codes</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3724#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3724#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124815383">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124815383">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Západní Jáva (Indonésie : provincie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge998399&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f127ed5e-324a-4c91-aa49-39e35cfc6d9c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044820">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/ecc2a2ff-d8f4-4d32-a831-7f22e7ecd82a">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=West_Java&oldid=1304664719">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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